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Metadata Syntactic Atlas of the Dutch Dialects (SAND)

The SAND database contains data of Dutch dialects. The data has been gathered between 2000 and 2005. SAND was carried out in five stages. The first stage involved research on the existing literature on Dutch dialects. Stages two to four comprised the actual data collection. Stage two (conducted in 2000) involved a pilot study in the form of a written questionnaire consisting of 393 test sentences. This was sent to informants of the Meertens Institute at 321 locations in the Netherlands and Belgium, with mostly one informant per location. At this stage social variables were not controlled for. The informants had to judge whether the test sentence was attested in their dialect, or were asked to translate or complete it. The aim of this pilot study was to get a first impression of the syntactic variation in the dialects of Dutch and of its distribution across the language area.

The second round of data collection (stage three, 2001-2002) consisted of oral interviews (involving elicited, not spontaneous speech) conducted at 267 locations spread across the Netherlands, Belgium and French Flanders. Each location was represented by at least two informants. These were mostly different informants from those used for the written questionnaire. The informants of the oral questionnaire had to meet the following criteria: both they themselves as well as their parents had to have been born and raised in the place of the interview; aged between 55 and 70 years; not highly educated; they should not have moved away from the place of interview for longer than 7 years, and they should be active users of the dialect in at least one social domain. In the Netherlands, to reduce accomodation, the actual oral interview was conducted between two dialect speakers (one of whom had earlier been instructed), while the fieldworker stood aside as much as possible. Due to the different sociolinguistic situation in Belgium, this option was not used there. Instead the fieldworker conducted the interviews him/herself, and the questions were posed in a sub-standard variety of Belgian Dutch (usually the regiolect). In total, 456 test sentences were asked in this round. Each interview lasted approximately 90 minutes. On average, every questionnaire contained about 100 sentences. Informants had to judge whether a test sentence was attested in their dialect, or were asked to translate or complete it. On the basis of the knowledge obtained in the first stage, a core of sentences was tested at every location, while some test sentences were only tested at a restricted number of locations, resulting in a regionalized oral questionnaire.

The third round of interviews (stage 4, 2003) was an inquiry by telephone conducted with informants from 246 locations who had taken part in the oral interviews. In total, 331 sentences were tested in this round. These were either sentences that had been tested in the oral interview but had not received a clear answer or new sentences that were required to get a more complete picture of some particular phenomenon.

The main focus of the SAND concerned the left periphery of the clause, pronominal reference, negation and quantification and the right periphery of the clause.

During stage 5 (2004-2005) the data collected in the previous three stages was transcribed, digitized and stored in a database, hosted by the Meertens Institute. In this last phase of SAND, a database was constructed (Dynasand, available at http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/sand/). The Dynasand makes it possible to conduct different kinds of searches within the database (as well as access the audio files). The dialect data in the Dynasand is enriched with PoS tags and is glossed with a word by word translation into English. It is possible to construct online maps that depict the geographical distribution of chosen linguistic variable(s).

Locations
's Gravenwezel (Antwerpen)51.2675958453 4.55856074306
Aalst (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.9442260531 4.07188719731
Aalten (Gelderland)51.9313814754 6.58956037441
Aalter (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0804835775 3.47055922526
Almelo (Overijssel)52.3628376334 6.66997593537
Amsterdam (Noord-Holland)52.3672864588 4.9159077325
Anjum (Friesland)53.3792660876 6.1279322281
Antwerpen (Antwerpen)51.2141487807 4.4185613101
Appelskea (Friesland)52.948248043 6.35898566689
Arcen (Limburg (NL))51.4797242868 6.19118671041
Arendonk (Antwerpen)51.3247314799 5.09735969888
Asten (Noord-Brabant)51.4099288755 5.75030290405
Bakkefean (Friesland)53.0801211742 6.2703274035
Beekbergen (Gelderland)52.1633140617 5.96422539415
Beerse (Antwerpen)51.3242367024 4.86601002777
Beesel (Limburg (NL))51.2733712336 6.04442871213
Bellingwolde (Groningen)53.1184290246 7.16888367057
Berlare (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0297112615 4.02445732353
Bevere (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.8466557826 3.62651366124
Beveren (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.2134165874 4.26768340515
Beverwijk (Noord-Holland)52.4782412659 4.66969542807
Bitgummole (Friesland)53.245643286 5.68664910652
Borgharen (Limburg (NL))50.8855154822 5.69986324948
Borgloon (Limburg (BE))50.809879196 5.34511214531
Boskoop (Zuid-Holland)52.0825405016 4.68617588194
Bosvoorde (Brabant)50.7967752291 4.41745138055
Boutersem (Brabant)50.8488008171 4.84084003239
Bovensmilde (Drenthe)52.9792427527 6.48618612862
Bray-Dunes (Frans Vlaanderen)51.0497856018 2.53825544066
Bree (Limburg (BE))51.1472244215 5.60945611347
Brugge (West-Vlaanderen)51.2075232338 3.23045624712
Brummen (Gelderland)52.090845944 6.1566019296
Brussel (Brabant)50.8490880841 4.37499060611
Burgum (Friesland)53.198407637 5.98679311301
Coevorden (Drenthe)52.6668167376 6.74446258797
Cuijk (Noord-Brabant)51.7376649422 5.87644279021
Culemborg (Gelderland)51.9592347994 5.228485223
De Kwakel (Noord-Holland)52.2408436227 4.79640397957
Deinze (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.9799030946 3.55475368391
Didam (Gelderland)51.940761548 6.1348648256
Diever (Drenthe)52.8606752678 6.32099162627
Diksmuide (West-Vlaanderen)51.0223979733 2.8633495549
Dilbeek (Brabant)50.8435753049 4.28352566217
Dirksland (Zuid-Holland)51.7546213331 4.09505050961
Doel (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.3125581478 4.26973308706
Doesburg (Gelderland)52.0195832115 6.13971579585
Druten (Gelderland)51.8974014445 5.62120900032
Easterbierrum (Friesland)53.2369245465 5.5032391345
Eeklo (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.1804863659 3.58296207304
Eemnes (Utrecht)52.2537996428 5.27415844748
Een (Drenthe)53.0888294205 6.39111945851
Eibergen (Gelderland)52.1073672335 6.66010667229
Eigenbilzen (Limburg (BE))50.8810906668 5.58649851096
Eksel (Limburg (BE))51.1620845902 5.39932114014
Emmen (Drenthe)52.7980747389 6.89560704094
Emmercompascuum (Drenthe)52.8156766659 7.04850052083
Enter (Overijssel)52.3029332091 6.58688640037
Epe (Gelderland)52.3548557012 5.98911155984
Erica (Drenthe)52.7246589833 6.93364237922
Ferwert (Friesland)53.3468211992 5.81597210686
Fijnaart (Noord-Brabant)51.6371875735 4.46563618401
Gasselte (Drenthe)52.9754264352 6.79124454924
Geldermalsen (Gelderland)51.8845066562 5.29423237765
Gemert (Noord-Brabant)51.5917556309 5.70971671049
Gendringen (Gelderland)51.8771912907 6.38513304079
Genk (Limburg (BE))50.9687710764 5.51726501564
Gent (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0383548472 3.75271561759
Geraardsbergen (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.76894522 3.90921057945
Giethoorn (Overijssel)52.7494805615 6.08543033845
Gilze (Noord-Brabant)51.5415286566 4.95450112252
Gistel (West-Vlaanderen)51.1431467165 2.98462264045
Goes (Zeeland)51.5017166661 3.87795525647
Gorssel (Gelderland)52.2064749389 6.20273770902
Gramsbergen (Overijssel)52.620530241 6.67491634972
Groenlo (Gelderland)52.0485200917 6.62506323301
Groesbeek (Gelderland)51.7810534345 5.93219503837
Groningen (Groningen)53.2163725855 6.55243352281
Gronsveld (Limburg (NL))50.8143133218 5.74760502012
Grote Spouwen (Limburg (BE))50.8365521261 5.56710827585
Haaksbergen (Overijssel)52.1649546859 6.75046248402
Halle (Brabant)50.7310303896 4.24935889301
Hamont (Limburg (BE))51.2585805386 5.55832638087
Hasselt (Limburg (BE))50.9314341601 5.34500038298
Hearrefean (Friesland)52.9868836619 5.91106368709
Heerlen (Limburg (NL))50.8987021514 5.99079429358
Heist op den Berg (Antwerpen)51.07796725 4.7351863407
Herne (Brabant)50.7208355995 4.05414771409
Hertsberge (West-Vlaanderen)51.1059824794 3.28673300002
Hippolytushoef (Noord-Holland)52.9050051295 4.96062146253
Hoek (Zeeland)51.3091423762 3.78980323342
Hollum (Friesland)53.4470289938 5.63324630284
Hoog-Soeren (Gelderland)52.2266377759 5.88281595134
Hooghalen (Drenthe)52.9188813719 6.5424192647
Hooglede (West-Vlaanderen)50.9703579357 3.10524001232
Houthalen (Limburg (BE))51.0424000915 5.38692873857
Huizen (Noord-Holland)52.2995797554 5.245062125
Hulst (Zeeland)51.2842125666 4.06361517697
Humbeek (Brabant)50.9700433876 4.37678298983
Hylpen (Friesland)52.950014924 5.39670148574
Ieper (West-Vlaanderen)50.8341355671 2.92433397548
Itteren (Limburg (NL))50.9063748443 5.70838552973
Izenberge (West-Vlaanderen)50.9781143622 2.68348259228
Jeuk (Limburg (BE))50.7443161956 5.22234513814
Jorwert (Friesland)53.1466135808 5.71180905013
Kamerik (Utrecht)52.1275869636 4.90578009047
Kampenhout (Brabant)50.9487036907 4.55441852666
Kapellen (Antwerpen)51.3171632168 4.43727293653
Katwijk (Zuid-Holland)52.1959698964 4.41960590441
Kerkrade (Limburg (NL))50.8714145622 6.07714853138
Kilder (Gelderland)51.9428013264 6.24687282787
Klazienaveen (Drenthe)52.7374733021 7.00137102365
Kloosterburen (Groningen)53.3960632516 6.38993946902
Knollendam (Noord-Holland)52.5185051879 4.79371119281
Koewacht (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.2223909088 4.00135496635
Kollum (Friesland)53.2871476369 6.16067293348
Kooigem (West-Vlaanderen)50.7293734896 3.37452023401
Kortrijk (West-Vlaanderen)50.8202639593 3.29624632938
Laarne (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0268478236 3.86930633043
Langelo (Drenthe)53.1479035937 6.40648343264
Lauw (Limburg (BE))50.7534684121 5.42084006408
Leermens (Groningen)53.3508155604 6.80034028771
Lemmer (Friesland)52.8476627318 5.71892817998
Leuven (Brabant)50.8826141329 4.69457585581
Liempde (Noord-Brabant)51.5675768147 5.38041804102
Lier (Antwerpen)51.1306558646 4.58778608053
Lies (Friesland)53.3983421604 5.31077288917
Lokeren (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.1012584965 4.01193912283
Lommel (Limburg (BE))51.2306402722 5.32982701887
Lopik (Utrecht)51.9809875492 4.95531198765
Losser (Overijssel)52.2707127349 7.01387839899
Lovendegem (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0948984094 3.63286404447
Lummen (Limburg (BE))50.9967208814 5.18686229261
Lunteren (Gelderland)52.0899966897 5.62626263231
Lutjebroek (Noord-Holland)52.6996478588 5.19913084843
Maasbracht (Limburg (NL))51.1463001143 5.90136257172
Maasbree (Limburg (NL))51.3639707568 6.06216457746
Maaseik (Limburg (BE))51.1021145359 5.80530891645
Makkingea (Friesland)52.9823072211 6.22290166896
Malderen (Brabant)51.0235564159 4.2643889072
Marken (Noord-Holland)52.4595108017 5.10524872961
Mechelen (Antwerpen)51.0295877411 4.4916554131
Meer (Antwerpen)51.4455139103 4.74738933311
Meilegem (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.9012012515 3.73143263831
Menen (West-Vlaanderen)50.7887019307 3.15894648638
Merckeghem (Frans Vlaanderen)50.8334606762 2.33436479012
Mere (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.9215253974 3.99657316668
Merelbeke (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.9866118262 3.77529555081
Meterik (Limburg (NL))51.4580824939 6.00916678778
Midsland (Friesland)53.3942864195 5.30243930434
Moerdijk (Noord-Brabant)51.7041376378 4.63084407228
Moerzeke (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0658929755 4.16637996754
Mol (Antwerpen)51.1901534981 5.12599154553
Monnickendam (Noord-Holland)52.4571780264 5.04760827201
Monster (Zuid-Holland)52.022245569 4.17121734611
Moorsele (West-Vlaanderen)50.8318732721 3.19921625767
Morbecque (Frans Vlaanderen)50.6684404573 2.56506217834
Nieuw-Scheemda (Groningen)53.2097149887 6.94680200559
Nieuwenhagen (Limburg (NL))50.9105052471 6.05504914529
Nieuwmoer (Antwerpen)51.4403374516 4.5244926126
Nieuwpoort (West-Vlaanderen)51.1143637276 2.76416265469
Nijkerk (Gelderland)52.2260746834 5.48842420343
Nijmegen (Gelderland)51.8461549426 5.8695673152
Ninove (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.8357342087 4.04345864792
Noord-Deurningen (Overijssel)52.3953574238 6.99348134441
Nuth (Limburg (NL))50.9269319191 5.88807191023
Oldemarkt (Overijssel)52.8295200688 5.97864649985
Onstwedde (Groningen)53.0361854203 7.03623581172
Oostakker (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0980176102 3.78377172627
Oostburg (Zeeland)51.3203960868 3.50031382053
Oosteeklo (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.1882438823 3.70520597036
Oostende (West-Vlaanderen)51.2173167493 2.93803159648
Oosterend (Noord-Holland)53.0903312109 4.86406842821
Oostkapelle (Zeeland)51.5625326003 3.5532862039
Oostkerke (West-Vlaanderen)51.2737727862 3.30737128819
Oostveld (West-Vlaanderen)51.1501624194 3.40568148549
Oostvoorne (Zuid-Holland)51.9210213096 4.09077015274
Oostwoud (Noord-Holland)52.7268423826 5.08812917649
Ootmarsum (Overijssel)52.4019138648 6.89790161942
Opglabbeek (Limburg (BE))51.0552996584 5.59813169941
Opperdoes (Noord-Holland)52.7654580484 5.07861675919
Ossendrecht (Noord-Brabant)51.3957802261 4.33646598945
Ouddorp (Zuid-Holland)51.8084942094 3.93106107165
Overijse (Brabant)50.7762202652 4.53834028591
Panningen (Limburg (NL))51.337282308 5.98363446056
Paterswolde (Drenthe)53.1546061494 6.55958609175
Poelkapelle (West-Vlaanderen)50.9094805749 2.99332195589
Poperinge (West-Vlaanderen)50.8381583229 2.76701109119
Reek (Noord-Brabant)51.7501409457 5.68874822517
Riis (Friesland)52.8708271626 5.48836302232
Rijckholt (Limburg (NL))50.8024924544 5.74013440547
Roeselare (West-Vlaanderen)50.9391318493 3.15070748989
Rolde (Drenthe)52.9848136898 6.64797279625
Ronse (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.7383446943 3.63798940322
Rossum (Overijssel)52.3597398156 6.92956193536
Roswinkel (Drenthe)52.85135879 7.03749839869
Rotterdam (Zuid-Holland)51.9259177746 4.47988462084
Rubrouck (Frans Vlaanderen)50.8134845548 2.39328278469
Sainte-Marie-Cappel (Frans Vlaanderen)50.7639354287 2.55532428275
Schagerbrug (Noord-Holland)52.8000334723 4.75852817808
Schermerhorn (Noord-Holland)52.6055996535 4.89441493463
Scherpenisse (Zeeland)51.5499505836 4.10588034516
Schiermonnikoog (Friesland)53.4843201228 6.16788131037
Schoorl (Noord-Holland)52.696485899 4.68665100428
Sibculo (Overijssel)52.4844690536 6.63316729203
Sint-Jozef-Olen (Antwerpen)51.1912982961 4.90076005764
Sint-Laureins (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.2347433275 3.54407266884
Sint-Lenaarts (Antwerpen)51.3503810018 4.68151648361
Sint-Niklaas (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.1668168256 4.15972979657
Sint-Truiden (Limburg (BE))50.8221811202 5.18761835823
Sliedrecht (Zuid-Holland)51.823727023 4.7747204142
Spakenburg (Utrecht)52.2563472672 5.38487777873
Spijkerboor (Drenthe)53.0737334528 6.77889583842
St-Gillis-Dendermonde (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.0217944976 4.12355453861
Staphorst (Overijssel)52.6470348937 6.21857668078
Stavenisse (Zeeland)51.59064807 4.01163679214
Steenberg (Noord-Brabant)51.5885532674 4.31798940302
Steenvoorde (Frans Vlaanderen)50.7915174511 2.62548011826
Steenwijk (Overijssel)52.7947340626 6.12574224085
Stokkem (Limburg (BE))51.0333782565 5.76266282901
Strijen (Zuid-Holland)51.7447353963 4.5508204256
Strijpen (Oost-Vlaanderen)50.8633751563 3.81308772748
Tegelen (Limburg (NL))51.3512857062 6.14810334576
Tessenderlo (Limburg (BE))51.0697742944 5.09649429246
Tielt (West-Vlaanderen)50.9944966598 3.34616311803
Tienen (Brabant)50.8152751128 4.94555342697
Tilburg (Noord-Brabant)51.566267674 5.09181517675
Tongeren (Limburg (BE))50.7911582856 5.46808015213
Tongerlo (Antwerpen)51.0988232445 4.92401817475
Torhout (West-Vlaanderen)51.0574727465 3.12764327155
Tremelo (Brabant)50.9939506304 4.70525392757
Tungelroy (Limburg (NL))51.2223336399 5.73839320509
Ubachsberg (Limburg (NL))50.8596236785 5.95235980929
Urk (Flevoland)52.6647072435 5.59964349274
Utrecht (Utrecht)52.0999291477 5.12979342921
Vaals (Limburg (NL))50.7763504109 6.022637208
Veldhoven (Noord-Brabant)51.4079979193 5.40636225091
Veurne (West-Vlaanderen)51.0597009791 2.67869201937
Visvliet (Groningen)53.2649226881 6.26630671939
Vlijmen (Noord-Brabant)51.7008747671 5.23641861822
Vorstenbosch (Noord-Brabant)51.6615693298 5.5638534186
Vriezenveen (Overijssel)52.4164979553 6.63584316429
Waals-Kappel (Frans Vlaanderen)50.7046667601 2.51669642154
Walshoutem (Brabant)50.7263144366 5.10159383443
Waregem (West-Vlaanderen)50.8802302846 3.46407254044
Warffum (Groningen)53.3995325422 6.55791365136
Warmenhuizen (Noord-Holland)52.7238916126 4.7385734157
Waskemar (Friesland)53.0593496079 6.2978398643
Waspik (Noord-Brabant)51.6914449146 4.95457106663
Wechterholt (Overijssel)52.4246582367 6.19910361013
Weelde (Antwerpen)51.4067272234 4.99864710518
Weesp (Noord-Holland)52.308864032 5.05688037386
Wervik (West-Vlaanderen)50.7708725977 3.07669670837
West-Terschelling (Friesland)53.362083606 5.20196692202
Wezep (Gelderland)52.4704436302 5.9952768507
Willebroek (Antwerpen)51.0641199481 4.37026608649
Winterswijk (Gelderland)51.9807000123 6.72719023618
Wolfsdonk (Antwerpen)51.0271758485 4.93413096949
Wolvega (Friesland)52.8835737443 6.0113207297
Wulvergem (West-Vlaanderen)50.745428264 2.90249726727
Zaffelare (Oost-Vlaanderen)51.1314568666 3.88319488189
Zandhoven (Antwerpen)51.2143848458 4.6652464253
Zierikzee (Zeeland)51.6517134666 3.907038003
Zoeterwoude (Zuid-Holland)52.1230729029 4.50322768469
Zoutleeuw (Brabant)50.8428859489 5.10284412754
Zuid-Sleen (Drenthe)52.776767336 6.803379263
Zundert (Noord-Brabant)51.4740998752 4.6781005418
Zwartemeer (Drenthe)52.727875895 7.04209462206